Biorremediación de aguas residuales de mataderos: Evaluación de la eliminación de contaminantes nitrogenados mediante humedales artificiales
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https://doi.org/10.56845/rebs.v8i1.665Palabras clave:
agua residual de matadero, contaminantes nitrogenados, humedales construidos, plantas ornamentales, biorremediaciónResumen
La creciente generación de aguas residuales procedentes de mataderos, está afectando gravemente a los ecosistemas y la salud humana debido a los altos niveles de contaminantes como NT, NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻ y NO₂⁻, ya que, si no son tratados adecuadamente, pueden causar problemas ambientales como la eutrofización. Los humedales construidos (HCs) han emergido como una alternativa eficaz y económica frente a métodos convencionales para el tratamiento de aguas residuales, incluyendo las de mataderos. Este estudio evaluó la eficiencia de los HCs en la remoción de compuestos nitrogenados en aguas residuales de matadero utilizando las especies vegetales Typha latifolia y Heliconia latispatha. Se implementaron ocho unidades humedales construidos de flujo horizontal subsuperficial (HCs-FHS) con diferentes combinaciones de especies, y se monitorearon las concentraciones de contaminantes nitrogenados a lo largo de un año. Los resultados mostraron que el policultivo de T. latifolia y H. latispatha alcanzó la mayor eficiencia en la remoción de NT (64-65%) y NH₄⁺ (89%), mientras que los sistemas con T. latifolia y H. latispatha individuales mostraron eficiencias intermedias de 57% y 48%, respectivamente. En cuanto a los nitratos (NO₃⁻), el policultivo logró una eficiencia de 91%, mientras que T. latifolia alcanzó un 78% y H. latispatha un 68%. Por último, en la remoción de nitritos (NO₂⁻), los policultivos mostraron una eficiencia de eliminación del 92%, mientras que T. latifolia y H. latispatha lograron eficiencias del 82% y 73%, respectivamente. En comparación, el control presentó las eficiencias más bajas en todos los parámetros (33-65%). Este estudio concluye que los HCs, plantados con T. latifolia + H. latispatha, son una alternativa viable y económica para el tratamiento de aguas residuales de mataderos, ofreciendo una opción más sostenible en comparación con tecnologías más complejas y costosas, como los sistemas de electrocoagulación o nanofiltración. Se recomienda la utilización de policultivos y la combinación de tecnologías para maximizar la eficiencia del tratamiento.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Jesús Castellanos-Rivera, Graciela Elizabeth Nani-González, Oscar Marín-Peña, Jacel Adame-García, Mayerlin Sandoval Herazo, Luis Carlos Sandoval-Herazo
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Copyright © D.R. Asociación Latinoamericana de Desarrollo Sustentable y Energías Renovables A. C., 