Producción de ácido hialurónico con residuos orgánicos como un producto de valor agregado para integrar una biorrefinería tipo HMZS que procesa residuos sólidos urbanos
Descargas: 256
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56845/terys.v2i1.385Palabras clave:
ácido hialurónico, residuos sólidos urbanos, biorrefinerías, sostenibilidadResumen
Las biorrefinerías (BRF) que procesan residuos sólidos urbanos con una configuración “HMZS” tienen las etapas de producción: Biohidrógeno (H), Metano (M), enzimas de interés industrial (Z) y licores sacarificados (S), en esta última etapa se propone el aprovechamiento los licores sacarificados como sustrato para la producción de ácido hialurónico (AH). En este trabajo se elaboró una revisión crítica del perfil de producción microbiana de AH y la utilización de residuos orgánicos como sustrato para identificar el proceso de producción de AH que pueda adaptarse en laetapa S de la BRF-HMZS. En la producción microbiana de AH se utilizan cepas de Streptococcus zooepidemicus que naturalmente producen AH y alcanza concentraciones de 6.9 g/L, sin embargo, debido a la patogenicidad de dichas bacterias se han desarrollado bacterias y hongos recombinantes que son inocuos y mediante transformación genética alcanzan concentraciones de 28.7 g/L. Hasta ahora la información sobre residuos orgánicos como sustrato en la producción de AH es muy escasa y se ha reportado el uso de estos sustratos para Streptococcus zooepidemicus únicamente. Los tipos de residuos orgánicos que se han explorado son savia de palma, melazas de caña, licor de maíz fermentado y almidón como la fuente de carbono (C). Este último ha mostrado la concentración de AH de 6.7 g/L mientras que para proveer la fuente de nitrógeno (N) se ha explorado la proteína de soya, residuos de pescado y lana de oveja que han alcanzado concentraciones de 4.0 g/L. Finalmente, la evaluación económica ha mostrado menores costos de producción de AH cuando se utilizan los residuos orgánicos como fuentes de C y/o N en comparación con las fuentes de C y N convencionales. La producción microbiana de AH aprovechando los licores sacarificados proveería de un producto de alto valor agregado para dar sostenibilidad ambiental y económica a las BRF-HMZS.Citas
Amado, I. R., Vázquez, J. A., Pastrana, L., & Teixeira, J. A. (2016). Cheese whey: A cost-effective alternative for hyaluronic acid production by Streptococcus zooepidemicus. Food Chemistry, 198, 54–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.062 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.062
Amado, I. R., Vázquez, J. A., Pastrana, L., & Teixeira, J. A. (2017). Microbial production of hyaluronic acid from agro-industrial by-products: Molasses and corn steep liquor. In Biochemical Engineering Journal (Vol. 117, pp. 181–187). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2016.09.017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2016.09.017
Arslan, N. P., & Aydogan, M. N. (2021). Evaluation of Sheep Wool Protein Hydrolysate and Molasses as Low-Cost Fermentation Substrates for Hyaluronic Acid Production by Streptococcus zooepidemicus ATCC 35246. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 12(2), 925–935. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01062-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01062-w
Blank, L. M., Hugenholtz, P., & Nielsen, L. K. (2008). Evolution of the hyaluronic acid synthesis (has) operon in Streptococcus zooepidemicus and other pathogenic streptococci. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 67(1), 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-008-9117-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-008-9117-1
Chahuki, F. F., Aminzadeh, S., Jafarian, V., Tabandeh, F., & Khodabandeh, M. (2019). Hyaluronic acid production enhancement via genetically modification and culture medium optimization in Lactobacillus acidophilus. In International Journal of Biological Macromolecules (Vol. 121, pp. 870–881). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.112 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.112
Cheng, F., Gong, Q., Yu, H., & Stephanopoulos, G. (2016). High-titer biosynthesis of hyaluronic acid by recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum.
Biotechnology Journal, 11(4), 574–584. https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.201500404 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.201500404
Cheng, F., Yu, H., & Stephanopoulos, G. (2019). Engineering Corynebacterium glutamicum for high-titer biosynthesis of hyaluronic acid. In
Metabolic Engineering (Vol. 55, pp. 276–289). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2019.07.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2019.07.003
Crater, D. L., Dougherty, B. A., & Van de Rijn, I. (1995). Molecular characterization of hasC from an operon required for hyaluronic acid synthesis in group A streptococci. Demonstration of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase activity. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270(48), 28676– 28680. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.270.48.28676 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.270.48.28676
Crater, D. L., & Van de Rijn, I. (1995). Hyaluronic acid synthesis operon (has) expression in group A streptococci. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270(31), 18452–18458. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.270.31.18452 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.270.31.18452
de Oliveira, J. D., Carvalho, L. S., Gomes, A. M. V., Queiroz, L. R., Magalhães, B. S., & Parachin, N. S. (2016). Genetic basis for hyper production of hyaluronic acid in natural and engineered microorganisms. Microbial Cell Factories, 15(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-016- 0517-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-016-0517-4
Dougherty, B. A., & van de Rijn, I. (1993). Molecular characterization of hasB from an operon required for hyaluronic acid synthesis in group A streptococci. Demonstration of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase activity. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 268(10), 7118–7124. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)53153-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)53153-7
Duan, X. J., Yang, L., Zhang, X., & Tan, W. S. (2008). Effect of oxygen and shear stress on molecular weight of hyaluronic acid produced by Streptococcus zooepidemicus. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 18(4), 718–724.
Duan, Y., Tarafdar, A., Kumar, V., Ganeshan, P., Rajendran, K., Shekhar Giri, B., Gómez-García, R., Li, H., Zhang, Z., Sindhu, R., Binod, P., Pandey, A., Taherzadeh, M. J., Sarsaiya, S., Jain, A., & Kumar Awasthi, M. (2022). Sustainable biorefinery approaches towards circular economy for conversion of biowaste to value added materials and future perspectives. Fuel, 325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.124846 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.124846
Duffeck, H. C. B. P., Pan, N. C., Saikawa, G. I. A., Rocha, S. P. D. da, Baldo, C., & Celligoi, M. A. P. C. (2020). Biomedical Potential of Hyaluronic Acid from Streptococcus zooepidemicus Produced in Sugarcane Molasses. Brazilian Journal of Development, 6(7), 49963–49980. https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv6n7-592 DOI: https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv6n7-592
Escamilla-Alvarado, C., Poggi-Varaldo, H. M., & Ponce-Noyola, M. T. (2017). Bioenergy and bioproducts from municipal organic waste as alternative to landfilling: a comparative life cycle assessment with prospective application to Mexico. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(33), 25602–25617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6939-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6939-z
Escamilla-Alvarado, C., Ponce-Noyola, M. T., Poggi-Varaldo, H. M., Ríos-Leal, E., García-Mena, J., & Rinderknecht-Seijas, N. (2014). Energy analysis of in-series biohydrogen and methane production from organic wastes. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39(29), 16587–16594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.06.077 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.06.077
Fava, F., Totaro, G., Diels, L., Reis, M., Duarte, J., Carioca, O. B., Poggi-Varaldo, H. M., & Ferreira, B. S. (2015). Biowaste biorefinery in Europe: opportunities and research & development needs. New Biotechnology, 32(1), 100–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2013.11.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2013.11.003
Ferreira, R. G., Azzoni, A. R., Santana, M. H. A., & Petrides, D. (2021). Techno-economic analysis of a hyaluronic acid production process utilizing streptococcal fermentation. Processes, 9(2), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9020241 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9020241
Gomes, A. M. V., Netto, J. H. C. M., Carvalho, L. S., & Parachin, N. S. (2019). Heterologous hyaluronic acid production in kluyveromyces lactis.
Microorganisms, 7(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7090294 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7090294
Grand View Research. (2023). Hyaluronic Acid Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Application (Dermal Fillers, Osteoarthritis, Ophthalmic, Vesicoureteral Reflux), By Region (MEA, EU, North America, APAC), And Segment Forecasts, 2023 - 2030. fuente: https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/hyaluronic-acid-market%0A
Huang, W. C., Chen, S. J., & Chen, T. L. (2006). The role of dissolved oxygen and function of agitation in hyaluronic acid fermentation. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 32(3), 239–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2006.10.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2006.10.011
Huang, W. C., Chen, S. J., & Chen, T. L. (2008). Production of hyaluronic acid by repeated batch fermentation. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 40(3), 460–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2008.01.021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2008.01.021
Im, J. H., Song, J. M., Kang, J. H., & Kang, D. J. (2009). Optimization of medium components for high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid production by Streptococcus sp. ID9102 via a statistical approach. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 36(11), 1337–1344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-009-0618-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-009-0618-8
Jagannath, S., & Ramachandran, K. B. (2010). Influence of competing metabolic processes on the molecular weight of hyaluronic acid synthesized by Streptococcus zooepidemicus. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 48(2), 148–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2009.09.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2009.09.003
Jeeva, P., Shanmuga Doss, S., Sundaram, V., & Jayaraman, G. (2019). Production of controlled molecular weight hyaluronic acid by glucostat strategy using recombinant Lactococcus lactis cultures. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 103(11), 4363–4375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-09769-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-09769-0
Jeong, E., Shim, W. Y., & Kim, J. H. (2014). Metabolic engineering of Pichia pastoris for production of hyaluronic acid with high molecular weight.
Journal of Biotechnology, 185, 28–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.05.018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.05.018
Jia, Y., Zhu, J., Chen, X., Tang, D., Su, D., Yao, W., & Gao, X. (2013). Metabolic engineering of Bacillus subtilis for the efficient biosynthesis of uniform hyaluronic acid with controlled molecular weights. In Bioresource Technology (Vol. 132, pp. 427–431). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.150 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.150
Jin, P., Kang, Z., Yuan, P., Du, G., & Chen, J. (2016). Production of specific-molecular-weight hyaluronan by metabolically engineered Bacillus subtilis 168. Metabolic Engineering, 35, 21–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2016.01.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2016.01.008
Kaza, S., Yao, L. C., Bhada-Tata, P., & Van Woerden, F. (2018). What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050.
Washington, DC: World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1329-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1329-0
Khoshnevisan, B., Tabatabaei, M., Tsapekos, P., Rafiee, S., Aghbashlo, M., Lindeneg, S., & Angelidaki, I. (2020). Environmental life cycle assessment of different biorefinery platforms valorizing municipal solid waste to bioenergy, microbial protein, lactic and succinic acid. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109493 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109493
Kumar, A., Singh, E., Mishra, R., Lo, S. L., & Kumar, S. (2023). Global trends in municipal solid waste treatment technologies through the lens of sustainable energy development opportunity. Energy, 127471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.127471 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.127471
Kundariya, N., Mohanty, S. S., Varjani, S., Hao Ngo, H., W. C. Wong, J., Taherzadeh, M. J., Chang, J.-S., Yong Ng, H., Kim, S.-H., & Bui, X.-T. (2021). A review on integrated approaches for municipal solid waste for environmental and economical relevance: Monitoring tools, technologies, and strategic innovations. Bioresource Technology, 342, 125982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125982 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125982
Ladakis, D., Stylianou, E., Ioannidou, S.-M., Koutinas, A., & Pateraki, C. (2022). Biorefinery development, techno-economic evaluation and environmental impact analysis for the conversion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste into succinic acid and value-added fractions. Bioresource Technology, 354, 127172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127172 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127172
Lai, Z. W., & Teo, C. H. (2019). Cloning and expression of hyaluronan synthase (hasA) in recombinant Escherichia coli BL21 and its hyaluronic acid production in shake flask culture. Malaysian Journal of Microbiology, 15(7), 575–582. https://doi.org/10.21161/mjm.190444 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21161/mjm.190444
Li, Y., Li, G., Zhao, X., Shao, Y., Wu, M., & Ma, T. (2019). Regulation of hyaluronic acid molecular weight and titer by temperature in engineered Bacillus subtilis. 3 Biotech, 9(6), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-019-1749-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-019-1749-x
Liu, J., Wang, Y., Li, Z., Ren, Y., Zhao, Y., & Zhao, G. (2018). Efficient production of high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid with a two-stage fermentation. RSC Advances, 8(63), 36167–36171. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ra07349j DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA07349J
Liu, L., Wang, M., Du, G., & Chen, J. (2008). Enhanced hyaluronic acid production of Streptococcus zooepidemicus by an intermittent alkaline- stress strategy. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 46(3), 383–388. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2008.02325.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2008.02325.x
Mao, Z., & Chen, R. R. (2007). Recombinant synthesis of hyaluronan by Agrobacterium sp. Biotechnology Progress, 23(5), 1038–1042. https://doi.org/10.1021/bp070113n DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/bp070113n
Naveenkumar, R., Iyyappan, J., Pravin, R., Kadry, S., Han, J., Sindhu, R., Awasthi, M. K., Rokhum, S. L., & Baskar, G. (2023). A strategic review on sustainable approaches in municipal solid waste management and energy recovery: Role of artificial intelligence, economic stability and life cycle assessment. Bioresource Technology, 379, 129044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129044 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129044
Pan, N. C., Pereira, H. C. B., da Silva, M. L. C., Vasconcelos, A. F. D., & Celligoi, M. A. P. C. (2017). Improvement Production of Hyaluronic Acid by Streptococcus zooepidemicus in Sugarcane Molasses. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 182(1), 276–293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-016-2326-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-016-2326-y
Pires, A. M. B., Macedo, A. C., Eguchi, S. Y., & Santana, M. H. A. (2010). Microbial production of hyaluronic acid from agricultural resource derivatives. Bioresource Technology, 101(16), 6506–6509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.03.074 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.03.074
Poggi-Varaldo, H. M., Munoz-Paez, K. M., Escamilla-Alvarado, C., Robledo-Narváez, P. N., Ponce-Noyola, M. T., Calva-Calva, G., Ríos-Leal, E., Galíndez-Mayer, J., Estrada-Vázquez, C., Ortega-Clemente, A., Ortega-Clemente, A., & Rinderknecht-Seijas, N. F. (2014). Biohydrogen, biomethane and bioelectricity as crucial components of biorefinery of organic wastes: A review. Waste Management and Research, 32(5), 353–365. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X14529178 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X14529178
Qiu, Y., Ma, Y., Huang, Y., Li, S., Xu, H., & Su, E. (2021). Current advances in the biosynthesis of hyaluronic acid with variable molecular weights. In
Carbohydrate Polymers (Vol. 269). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118320 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118320
Rangaswamy, V., & Jain, D. (2008). An efficient process for production and purification of hyaluronic acid from Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. Biotechnology Letters, 30(3), 493–496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-007-9562-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-007-9562-8
Rigo, D., da Silva, L. M., Fischer, B., Colet, R., Dallago, R. M., & Zeni, J. (2023). Hyaluronic Acid – from Production to Application: A Review.
Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.33263/BRIAC133.211 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33263/BRIAC133.211
Rohit, S. G., Jyoti, P. K., Subbi, R. R. T., Naresh, M., & Senthilkumar, S. (2018). Kinetic modeling of hyaluronic acid production in palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer) based medium by Streptococcus zooepidemicus MTCC 3523. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 137, 284–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2018.06.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2018.06.011
Schulte, S., Doss, S. S., Jeeva, P., Ananth, M., Blank, L. M., & Jayaraman, G. (2019). Exploiting the diversity of streptococcal hyaluronan synthases for the production of molecular weight–tailored hyaluronan. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 103(18), 7567–7581. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-10023-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-10023-w
Shah, A. V., Singh, A., Sabyasachi Mohanty, S., Kumar Srivastava, V., & Varjani, S. (2022). Organic solid waste: Biorefinery approach as a sustainable strategy in circular bioeconomy. In Bioresource Technology (Vol. 349). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126835 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126835
Shikina, E. V., Kovalevsky, R. A., Shirkovskaya, A. I., & Toukach, P. V. (2022). Prospective bacterial and fungal sources of hyaluronic acid: A review.
In Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal (Vol. 20, pp. 6214–6236). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2022.11.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2022.11.013
Sotelo-Navarro, P. X., Poggi-Varaldo, H. M., Chargoy-Amador, J. P., Sojo-Benitez, A., Pérez-Angón, M. A., & Sánchez-Pérez, R. (2022). Impactos Ambientales de una Biorrefinería tipo HMEZS-NN. Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental, 38(Especial), 48–57. https://www.revistascca.unam.mx/rica/index.php/rica/article/view/54332
Vazquez, J. A., Montemayor, M. I., Fraguas, J., & Murado, M. A. (2010). Hyaluronic acid production by Streptococcus zooepidemicus in marine by- products media from mussel processing wastewaters and tuna peptone viscera. Microbial Cell Factories, 9(1), 46. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2859-9-46 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2859-9-46
Vázquez, J. A., Pastrana, L., Piñeiro, C., Teixeira, J. A., Pérez-Martín, R. I., & Amado, I. R. (2015). Production of hyaluronic acid by Streptococcus zooepidemicus on protein substrates obtained from Scyliorhinus canicula discards. Marine Drugs, 13(10), 6537–6549. https://doi.org/10.3390/md13106537 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/md13106537
Westbrook, A. W., Ren, X., Oh, J., Moo-Young, M., & Chou, C. P. (2018). Metabolic engineering to enhance heterologous production of hyaluronic acid in Bacillus subtilis. In Metabolic Engineering (Vol. 47, pp. 401–413). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2018.04.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2018.04.016
Woo, J. E., Seong, H. J., Lee, S. Y., & Jang, Y. S. (2019). Metabolic Engineering of Escherichia coli for the Production of Hyaluronic Acid From Glucose and Galactose. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 7(November), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2019.00351 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2019.00351
Yoshimura, T., Shibata, N., Hamano, Y., & Yamanaka, K. (2015). Heterologous production of hyaluronic acid in an ε-Poly-L-Lysine producer, Streptomyces albulus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 81(11), 3631–3640. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00269-15 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00269-15
Yu, H., & Stephanopoulos, G. (2008). Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for biosynthesis of hyaluronic acid. Metabolic Engineering, 10(1), 24–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2007.09.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2007.09.001
Zhang, J., Ding, X., Yang, L., & Kong, Z. (2006). A serum-free medium for colony growth and hyaluronic acid production by Streptococcus zooepidemicus NJUST01. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 72(1), 168–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-005-0253-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-005-0253-x
Zhang, Y., Dong, J., Xu, G., Han, R., Zhou, J., & Ni, Y. (2023). Efficient production of hyaluronic acid by Streptococcus zooepidemicus using two- stage semi-continuous fermentation. In Bioresource Technology (p. 128896). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128896 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128896
Zheng, Y., Cheng, F., Zheng, B., & Yu, H. (2020). Enhancing single-cell hyaluronic acid biosynthesis by microbial morphology engineering. Synthetic and Systems Biotechnology, 5(4), 316–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synbio.2020.09.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synbio.2020.09.002
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2024 Guadalupe Pérez-Morales, Héctor Mario Poggi-Varaldo
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Los autores conservan los derechos de autor de sus trabajos y conceden a la revista Tendencias en Energías Renovables y Sustentabilidad (TERYS) el derecho de primera publicación.
Los artículos se publican bajo la licencia Creative Commons Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0), que permite compartir y adaptar el material para cualquier propósito, incluso comercial, siempre que se otorgue el crédito adecuado a los autores y a la revista.
Los autores pueden depositar la versión publicada del artículo en repositorios institucionales o páginas personales, siempre citando la publicación original en TERYS.
Derechos de autor © D.R. Asociación Latinoamericana de Desarrollo Sustentable y Energías Renovables A. C., 