Del Calor Residual a la Electricidad: El Potencial de los Materiales Termoeléctricos para una Industria Sustentable

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Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.56845/terys.v5i2.692

Palabras clave:

materiales termoeléctricos, calor residual, eficiencia energética, efecto Seebeck

Resumen

El crecimiento de la demanda energética mundial y los efectos del cambio climático han impulsado la búsqueda de tecnologías capaces de mejorar la eficiencia en el uso de la energía y reducir el impacto ambiental de las actividades industriales. En numerosos procesos productivos, una fracción considerable de la energía consumida se pierde en forma de calor residual, el cual suele disiparse al ambiente sin ser aprovechado. La recuperación de este calor representa una oportunidad importante para optimizar el uso de la energía y disminuir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. Entre las tecnologías emergentes para aprovechar esta fuente energética destacan los generadores termoeléctricos (TEG), dispositivos capaces de convertir directamente gradientes de temperatura en electricidad mediante el efecto Seebeck. En sectores industriales como el cementero, metalúrgico, automotriz, químico y de generación eléctrica, los TEG pueden contribuir al desarrollo de una industria más sustentable al recuperar parte de la energía desperdiciada y reducir el consumo de combustibles fósiles. Estos sistemas emplean materiales semiconductores capaces de transformar el flujo de calor en corriente eléctrica sin requerir partes móviles ni etapas intermedias, lo que disminuye los requerimientos de mantenimiento y mejora la confiabilidad operativa. En los últimos años, los avances en ciencia de materiales, nanotecnología y modelado computacional han permitido mejorar significativamente el desempeño de los materiales termoeléctricos. Sin embargo, aún existen importantes limitaciones relacionadas con la baja eficiencia de conversión energética, el alto costo de materiales como el telurio, la estabilidad térmica a largo plazo y la disponibilidad limitada de algunos elementos críticos utilizados en la fabricación de estos dispositivos. En este contexto, el presente artículo analiza el potencial de los materiales termoeléctricos para la recuperación de calor residual, abordando sus fundamentos físicos, los materiales más relevantes, sus aplicaciones actuales y los principales desafíos tecnológicos para su implementación a gran escala.

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2026-07-31

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Reyes Valdez, J. J., De la Cruz Terrazas, E. C., Del Angel López, D., & Rodríguez González, E. (2026). Del Calor Residual a la Electricidad: El Potencial de los Materiales Termoeléctricos para una Industria Sustentable. Tendencias En energías Renovables Y Sustentabilidad, 5(2), 176–183. https://doi.org/10.56845/terys.v5i2.692

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Artículos de Divulgación Científica